CIDOC-CRM Class Analysis

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Introduction

This is a brief analysis of the classes in the CIDOC-CRM ontology and their practical utility. The definition of "useful" is those classes which a reasonably comprehensive producer or consumer of a CIDOC-CRM based model should be expected to understand and would make functional differentiations on. Following this definition, there are several sets of classes that can be ignored, for various reasons.

The analysis in a tabular format, with less detailed notes:

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1miZNwpOETnZML10BnqxiQ9qIVeFiNdpx1G2nLuvO8Xo/edit

Classes to Ignore

Abstract Classes

Classes: E1, E18, E2, E20, E24, E28, E70, E71, E72, E77, E89, E90, E92

There are 13 classes which are not themselves directly used, however are the domain or range of useful relationships, or otherwise important distinctions within the class hierarchy. These classes likely need to stay in the ontology, but can be ignored for practical purposes. Producers should never put them into their data, and consumers can likewise expect to never see them in data.

Data Type Classes

Classes: E59, E60, E61, E62, E94, E95

The classes in the CRM that model data types (String, Number, etc) can be ignored, and indeed are ignored in the recent RDF ontologies. Instead the appropriate XSD types should be used in their place:

Overly Specific Classes

There are many classes that fail the CRM's own test of individual importance. These can be broken down into clusters. The solution for all of these classes is instead to use P2 has type to refer to an external vocabulary, if needed at all.

Attribution Reification Classes: E14, E15, E16, E17

All of the subclasses of E13 Attribute Assignment can be dispensed with, and replaced with references to external vocabularies from an instance of E13. This would be more consistent with other assignments that must use E13 directly, such as attribution of an artist to a production event, the valuation of an object assigning a Monetary Amount to an object, the naming of an object assigning an Appellation and so on.

Appellation Classes: E35, E41, E44, E45, E46, E47, E48, E49, E50, E51, E75, E82

All of the subclasses of E41 Appellation can be dispensed, other than E42 Identifier. For the most part there is also no need to associate specific vocabulary terms to replace them. The name of a Place does not need to be an E44 Place Appellation, as this carries no additional information beyond the class of the subject of the relationship. This also prevents the modeling collision between Names (E44 and similar) and Identifiers (E42) for resources as it would be questionable which of the two classes to use.

E41 Appellation is also added to the list of classes to ignore, as it is not also a Linguistic Object. As the set of Appellations which are not Linguistic is infinitesimal compared to the set of Linguistic Appellations, we use only the extension Name class that inherits both Appellation and Linguistic Object.

Entity Beginning and Ending Classes: E6, E66, E67, E68, E69

Subclasses of E63 Beginning of Existence and E64 End of Existence can be ignored, and their parent classes used instead. The modeling of parents in the E67 Birth class is less than ideal, and instead a role-based approach with specific activities in the same way as the production of artworks can be used to differentiate surrogates and egg donors from the woman that raised the child, and equivalent patterns for male involvement. The inclusion of E6 Destruction in this set may be surprising to some, especially considering E12 Production is maintained as useful. The rationale is that as E6 is not also an E7 Activity (which E12 is, making it useful), then the semantics of E6 and E64 are identical and thus the parent class is preferred for consistency.

Entity Specialization Classes: E27, E31, E32, E40, E84, E96, E99

These classes (E27 Site, E31 Document, E32 Authority Document, E40 Legal Body, E84 Information Carrier, E96 Purchase, E99 Product Type) have no useful distinguishing features beyond what could easily be conveyed with a Type on their respective parent classes. Authority Documents and concepts should instead use the W3C's SKOS ontology rather than attempting to model knowledge organization using CRM. Information Carriers are only distinguished from Man Made Objects by the unknowable intent of the designer. Likewise, the distinction between E73 and E31 is that instances of E31 is that subset of E73s that make propositions about reality ... which is not a very useful or tractable distinction. While Purchase does have a property (had_sales_price), it is quickly insufficient for any non-trivial transaction or description common in the art market, including multiple buyers or sellers, commissions, part payment/part exchange, reserve prices, and so on. Given the need for a Payment class, and the use of dimension to relate other prices, Purchase becomes unnecessary.

Visual Concept Classes: E34, E37, E38

There is a significant overlap between the classes E34 Inscription, E36 Visual Item, E37 Mark and E38 Image. The simplest approach is to use only E36 for visual or image content, and instead of E34, instead use E33 Linguistic Object to capture inscriptions. E38 Image, while a more appealing class name, has no additional features or meaning beyond that of E36. Similarly, E37 has no differences with E36. The use of E33 for inscriptions is more consistent with other modeling of textual information, assuming that the inscription really contains linguistic content. For the situations where it is uncertain if an inscription is linguistic, then E36 is preferred. Note that E37 "does not intend to describe ... an individual physical embodiment", which is modeled instead as an object.

Curated Holding Classes: E78, E87

The E78 Curated Holding class, formerly called Collection, is the subject of much debate as to the requirements for which sets of objects can be considered collections (curated holdings) and which are simply E19 Physical Object. In order to have a consistent approach, in the absence of a separate class to represent sets, the preferred class for all such aggregations is E19. Collections can be typed as such using the well established P2 has type relationship to an appropriate vocabulary. This also obviates the need for E87, as an overly specific subclass of Activity.

The definition of E19 has the following statement:

The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes ...

Collections are aggregates of objects made for the functional purpose of collecting and curating them, and thus can fit into the scope of E19.

Collections of Features

E19 can also be used for collections of E25 or E26 Features according to the ontology's structure. One particular reading of the scope notes might treat "objects" above as meaning only E19 Physical Object and not including E26 Physical Feature ... however both are E18 Physical Thing, which is the domain of the has part relationship, P46 is composed of, so the practical effect of such pedantry is negligible. If the intent is only E19, then the scope notes and the ontology should be clarified.

Classes Not Currently Required

Specific Classes: E9, E11, E26, E29, E79, E80, E81

After analysis of the datasets available from multiple consortia and large individual organizations, the data available does not currently require using these classes. This is not to say that they will not be useful in the future, just that they are not used by any model at the moment. In particular:

Condition Classes: E3

Not only is there no current use case for E3 Condition State, it is too complex to use in any practical way, and lacks important additional structure in the ontology to make it worth the effort. For example, there is no way to create an identity for "Box with lid open" versus "Box with lid closed" for the purposes of associating measurements or photographs.

Incomprehensible Classes: E93

E93 Presence is simply incomprehensible. As such, it has no known use cases and is impossible to know whether it is useful or not. It is telling that there are no examples given in the documentation.

The definition is:

This class comprises instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, whose arbitrary temporal extent has been chosen in order to determine the spatial extent of a phenomenon over the chosen time-span.

If further explanation, from any source, is forthcoming, then E93 might be moved into a different category.

Useful Classes

Classes: E4, E5, E6, E7, E8, E10, E11, E12, E13, E19, E21, E22, E25, E30, E33, E39, E41, E42, E52, E53, E54, E55, E56, E57, E58, E63, E64, E65, E73, E74, E96, E97, E98

The remaining 33 classes are actively used in mappings for the known datasets.

Useful Additional Classes

Payment

There is currently no way to describe the Activity of transferring MonetaryAmounts between actors, a Payment. The transfer classes (Acquisition, Transfer of Custody, Move) are very specific as to their semantics and the sorts of things that can be transferred. Thus, a new class is required, Payment, with three relationships of paid_from, paid_to and paid_amount. A better solution would be a low level transfer class that could be used to transfer right of custody, right of ownership, the object itself, and monetary amounts, from one actor to another.

Name

E41 Appellation is not a descendent of E33 Linguistic Object, meaning that it cannot have an E56 Language associated with it. As practically every name of a person or thing that is not an E42 Identifier is linguistic, the utility of E41 is greatly reduced. Instead we create a new class that inherits from both E41 and E33, called Name.